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• Praxis Practice Test For Biology

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Mnemonic: Kreb kills carbs and loves lemons; and he lives in the mitochondria matrix. Forms NADH, ATP and FADH2 and spits out CO2.pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA. Through a series of intermediate steps, several compounds capable of storing 'high energy' e's are produced along with 2 ATP. These compounds, (NAD) and (FAD), are reduced in the process. These reduced forms carry the 'high energy' e's to the ETC.

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs only when oxygen is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly. PQ's job is to bond with 2H+ in order to move the 2H+ ions from the stroma to the lumen inside the chloroplast.

Praxis Practice Test For Biology

The e' from PSII is passed to PQ and PQ bonds with the 2H+ and then this bigger molecule diffuses through the thylakoid membrane and passes the e's to the next acceptor in the ETC (cytochrome b6f complex); the 2H+ are released into the lumen (cavity of the thylakoid membrane - think of thylakoid as flattened penne pasta) So.PQ moves H+'s from the stroma into the lumen - space within the thylakoid, AKA H+ pumping! 1.Sugar-phosphate backbone (deoxyribose - ribose that has lost an oxygen atom) with a 5-C structure 2.The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon atom on the deoxyribose molecule 3.Base pairs attach at the 1' carbon atom on the deoxyribose molecule 4.The phosphate group (PO4) that is on the 5' carbon of its nucleotide attaches to the 3' carbon on its neighbor nucleotide thru a condensation reaction 5.Base pairs form hydrogen bonds between each other 6.The genetic code in genes is always written in the 5' to 3' direction along a chain. 7.the two chains run in opposite directions, and the right-hand chain is essentially upside-down.